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trinit? k`IBE1\l..lt'vNAM. vDES JARDINS, Ol? VVE-ST HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR TO UNDERWOOD COMPUTING MACHINE C EATION OF NEW' YORK.

OMPANY, OF NEW' YORK, N. Y., A CORPO- COMPUTING-MACHINE.

Specication of Application led June 28,

To @ZZ whom it may concern.'

Y lle it knownt-hat I, BENJMUN M. Das

JARDiNS, a citizen of the United States, residingin liest- Hartiiord,rin the county of Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and-useful Improvements in Computing-lliachines, ot which the ,'tollowing is a specilication.

This invention relates to improvements in computingmachines, and especially to machines capable otetfecting algebraic computations, that is, oi adding positive and .negative vnumbers'irrespective of their relative magnitudes, and ot indicating the correct result, whether positive or negative. l

The invention is herein disclosed as an improvement on a computing machine oi Y the Underwood-Hanson,type such as the one illustratori and described in the iatent No.

y'78.812, granted September 10, 1918, toV y Y uis Hanson, but isadapted for use in con- 'nection withany computing` Vmachine hav- 'ng a register' or totalizer comprising mov-v able number -wheels or other figure-carryinn` elements, andmeans for effecting either addition or subtraction by varying the positions ot said @paire-carrying; elements.

:ln the torni in whichA the invention is i herein disclosed, the end soughtto be at- Atained is accomplished in a very simple and practical mannerl by merely providing the number wheels of the totalizer with one of figures to'represent posit-ive values, and

second setfoii iigures to re 4resent negative values, andby providing indexing means 'for coucoi'uitantly directing attention to "three rows of' said figures, one oi said rows comprising' figures intended i'or one of said purposes, and theV other two rows comprisingif figures intended for the other ot said jmrposesfA Y Therelative arrangement of the figures of Athedi ite/rent sets on the number Wheels may l ried, but the location of the indexing has `will beifdetermined by the particular rangement selected. ln the form herein disclcs-'xdfach number wheel is provided lrtwo' series otfigures runningrconseculy tromto.9 inoopposite directions. the 'figures of Yone series being so ,grouped with'respect to those of theV other thatfthe sums resulting; from the successive Vadditions of any 'digitiselected from "figures f et one seriesto the two adjacent digits or recemment. Patented Mar. i, resi.

1919. serial No. 307,391.v

i the other series will equal nine and ten, re-

spectively.

`Any appropriate form of indexing means for concomitantly` directing` attention to one figure ot' one series and to two figures of the other series of each denominational order e l c l n oi tne totahzer may be used. As herein disclosed, a satisfactory means for this purpose is obtained by placing; the number wheels within `an inclosure such as to form a shield or shutter having a portion cut away to eX- pose the three rows oit' figures from which vthe readings are to be taken. lVith the tigures grouped as herein disclosed, the cut away portion mayk constitute a single slot ot such width as to expose three contiguous figures on each'number wheel.

From the foregoing brief description, it `will be seen that the desired end is attained without. the use o'' special carrying mechanism, mechanicaliy-operated shutters, or other complicated mechanism, thus providing; a very simple and practical device which will be inexpensive to produce, and which is not dependent upon movable parts likely to get out of order and disable the machine or cause it to yjive erroneous results.

Other features and advantages will hereinafter appear.

,ln the accornpan;fingV d rawinfrs,

Figurel is a top view oit' the front portion oi a computin nachine of the Underwoodli'anson type, showings; the novel relations between the figures on the number wheels and the indexing means or sight-openings in accordance with onev embodiment of my intention. 1 y

*Fitz 2 is a section through the front portion ot the machine, showing one of the` number wheels in its position relative to the sight-opening'. parts being omitted to avoid confusion.

Fig. is a diagram showing a development of the tace of one of the number wheels, and showingr the 'relative arrangement of the figures of the two series. Y

Figs. 4i. 6 and 7 are views of the number wheels and indexing means or sightopenino's, illustrating different relative positions assumed by the number wheels to indicate various'readings.

The invention in the form herein disclosed is appliedl to a computing machine vhaving a register or totalizer 20. comprising number Wheels 2l, and means, comprising rack bars Q2 having teeth 23, for rotating said number Wheels. The mechanism for operating the rack bars and other parts of the computing machine is fully disclosed in the aforesaid Hanson patent, and such machines are in common use. The description of the computing machine need not, therefore, be set forth in detail herein.

Each of the number Wheels 21 is provided with one series of figures 2s for indicating positive results, and with a second series of igures 25 for indicating negative results. The figures of different series may, if desired, be differentiated from each other as by color. the series for indicating positive -values being black, and the series for indicating negative values being red. This is indicated in the drawings by representing black gures 2st in full linesI` and negatiife figures Q5 in broken lines.

.an indexing means in the form of a shield or shutter is provided for the number wheels of the register or tot-alizer by placing the same Within the casing of the computing machine, and providing an opening or slot 26 of suiiicient Width to expose three continuous rows of figures on the number wheels.

0 When using the machine with the .im-

pr rement applied thereto for ordinary ad dition and subtraction.` in which case theV fl) i et itbe assumed that the number is to be adderl to the number the number 2.749.5l1 is to be therefrom: the result. in this infould be positive and would' be ted at the center rou of tigtotalizer, as illustrated. in Fig. 5.

t the number 2.109.614: pi ,riouslj accumulated in the he correct result. which should be l not appear in the rou1 of g' u'es e posed at the center of the '-fipening. as before. but, instead of this there would appear. indicated in l a minplementary number 999138026.

if aflde-rl to the correct resu lt., io'uoriu i uihi el) the n inns sign. would be represent-ed by a i followed by as many zei as there are denominational orders or decimal places in the totalizer. It is Well known to those e reading, 12s-7.6%@ is 'inclosed skilled in the art that this will happen Whenever the number to be added is larger than that previously accumulated in the totalizer and of opposite character, as when a negL tive number is added to a smaller positive number.

It may be observed that the iirst ligure afA the center of the sight-opening, as illustrated in Fig. 6, is a black 9, and this will aliifays be true when a` negative number has been added to a smaller positive number preiiously accumulated in the totali/1er, proiided the machine is not used to add or subtract numbers hai/'ing as .any decimal places or denominational orders as there are number Wheels in the totalizer. In using a machine with my invention applied thereto, l therefore arbitrarily select one having at least one more number Wheel in yits totalizaer than the largest number of decimal plaies .3

or denominational orders in the niunbers which it is intended to add or subtract`r andL assign the highest number Wheel to a special purpose. that is. for use as a signal or Warning to indicate whether l" e result is positive or negative. Under such circun'istanf'es the highest number Wheel will normallyY expose a black zero at the center of the sight-open ing. This Zero could never be changed to a 9 by adding positive numbers except as a result of large number of computing operations and in no Yrent could it be changed from il to 9" by adding positiye numbers except by suceessiif'ely exhibiting l Q, il and. all of the other digits up to 5W lt well lmown, however, that it will invariably be changed immediately from 0" to 9 whenever any negative number is adde'A1 to a smaller positive number previously ac- The appearance cifzmulated in the totalizer. Y o.. the blaclr 9 at the center of the sightopening on the number Wheel of highest denom' iatiiiual order will therefore serre as Warning or signal to the operative that the result indicated by the totalizer is negative in which case the correct reading uiay bd 1 in part from the lower row of red and in part from the upper rouv in a e and iractical manner which will fiplained.

to G. it may be oblast i gure l of the correct resulf sel in broken lines Q9) appears in red over the black Which is the Vio ' at se.

Vread number.

in Figli, partly in the lower line oi' igures and partlyin the upper line, that is, the iirst three figures, 569, are indicated within the broken lines at 3l, and the last tour figures,

. SOOO, are indicated within the broken lines lt may be observed that the iirst ligure read from the upper row is the one above the last signiiicant figure oit the row oi' v black iigures at thecenter ot the sight-opening.A

The distribution oit the ligures to make up thecomple e reading ot' a negative result vfollows a simple law which may be stated in several ways, and by the observance of which the operative may, in. every instance, readily obtain'the correct reading with arcuracy, and without making any mental computation.

One simple rule for reading the totalizer may be stated as vfollows:

(a) llllieuevcr a black O appears on the number wheel et' highest order, at the center of the sight-opening, the result is posltive and is directly read romthe center row ot ligures, as indicated in Fig. 5, at 28.

(7)) YVhenever ,a black 9 appears on the number wheel olf highest order, at the center ot the sight-opening, the result accumulated in the totalizer is negative, and

' should be read partly from the lower row of figures and partly trom the upper row of figures,v as indicated in Figs. 6 and 7. n

(c) V The numbersto be read from the "lower row Aof figures must always include those` oi' all denominational orders or decimal places preceding that of the last signili cant ligure (the 6 of Fig. 6 or the 2 oi k7) of the center row of black figures. Those to he read 'from the upper row should begin with the denominational order or deci mal p .e of the last signii'icant ligure of the row of blaclr figures and include all figures oz'f' lower denominational orders.

The above stated rule is simple and invariable in its application, and could be readily mastered by an operative in a negliigible space ot time, a'lter which the negative readings may be taken from the totalizer with the same degree oi ease and accuracy as in'reading the positive results in au ordinary, totalizen d ln many lrinds oii`worlr, it is customary vat the end oi a computation to type the ot the totalizer,

:y scope oi? the invention, and portions ot the improvements may be used without others.

Paving thus described my invention, l claim l. in an algebraic computing machine, the ron'ibination with number wheels having ligures to represent positive values and other figures to represent negative values, oi means to facilitate the reading of negative results comprising lindexing' means for concomitantly directingattention to one row of the figures intended for one oli said purposes and two rows of the gures intended tor the other of said purposes.

ln an algebraic con'iputing machine, the combination with number wheels having -for each of al plurality oi denominations, as units, tens, e c., iigures of two diiierentiated series, of means to facilitate the reading ot' negative results comprising indexing means i'or concomitantly directingattention to one igure of one series and two figures of the other series i'or each of in an algebraic computing machine, the combination with a set, of number wheels, one for each of a plurality of denominations, as units, tens, etc., each having figures of two series, the ligures ot each seriescomprising a 0 and the digits l to 9, those of one series beingl alternated with those of the other, and arranged in inverse order, the relative arrangement being such that the sums resulting` from the successive additions of any digit ot one series to its two adja cent digits ot the other will equal nine and ten, respectively, of an index to facilitate the reading of negative results, said index comprising means for concomitantly directing attention to one ligure of one series and to the two adjacent figures of the other series :For each of said denominations.

1l. 4 ln an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number wheels having, for each denomination, as units, tens, etc., tigures ci two series, those oto-ne series being represented in black and those of the other series in red, of indexing means for concomitantly directing attention to one black iigure and two red figures for each of said denominations to facilitate the reading of negative results.

5. ln a computing machine, tion, a set of number wheels having one set ot Figures tor indicating positive results and a second set of figures for indicating negative results, each oi said sets comprising, for

said denominations. f

lOO

in combinaother of said purposes, the relative -nieat of the figures of the two sets er wheels and the relative posior the indexing means being such the sums which would result from the successive additions of any indexed figure olf the first of said rows to the two indexed iieurcs of corresponding denominational in the other of said rows will always equal nine and ten, respectively.

an algebraic computing machine, the tion 'with number wheels having figures to represent positive values and other figures to represent negative values, of means to facilitate the reading of negative results comprising means for concomitantly et wsin one row of the figures intended for c said purposes and two rows of figures :d for the other of said purposes, loncealing theremaining figures. ln an algebraic computing machine, the ation with a set of number wheels, each of a plurality of denominations, s, tens, etc., each having figures of' two series, the figures of each series com- A a 0 andthe digits l to 9, those of one series being alternated with those of the other, and arranged in inverse order, the i. ative arrangement being such that the sums resulting from the successive additions of any digit ot one series to its two adjacent its et' the other will equal nine and ten,

ely, of means to facilitate the read- A n ot negative results comprising a shield havi g a sight-opening for concomitantly exposing one figure of' one series and the two adjacent figures of the other series for cach of said denominations, said shield also having means for concealing the remaining figures,

S, ln an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number wheels having for ich denomination, that is, units, tens, etc., f7ures of two series, those of one being rep- Y rer, of means to facilitate the reading of rcfative results comprising means for conromitantly exposing one row of black figures and two rows of red figures, while concealing' the remaining figures.

9. ln a computing machine, in combination, set of number wheels having one set f tigres for indicating positive results al second set of figures for indicating e results, each of said sets compris- 1,. -for each denominational order a zero and the digits from l to 9, inclusive, the gures of the different sets running in opposite directions, and means to facilitate the reading of negative results including indexing means comprising means for concomitantly exposing one row of figures intended for one of said purposes, and two rows of the figures intended for the other of said purposes, to the exclusion of the others, the relative arrangement of the figures of' the two sets on the number wheels and the positioning of the means for concomitantly exposing certain of said figures being .such that the sums which would result from the successive additions of any exposed figure of the first-mentioned row to the two exposed gures of corresponding denominational order in the other of said rows, will always equal nine and ten, respectively.

l0. In an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number-wheels having figures to represent positive values and other figures to represent negative values, means to facilitate the reading of negative results comprising means for determining the row of positive figures from which positive results are to be read, one row of negative figures being exposed on each side of' the row in which positive results are read to enable the reading of part of the negative result from one of said rows and the remaining part from the other of said negative rows.

ll. In an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number-wheels having for each denomination, as units, tens, etc., figures of a positive series and figures of a negative series, of means to facilitate the reading of negative results comprising means to determine the row of positive ligu'res from which positive results are to be read, two rows of figures of the negative series being exposed so that negative results may be read partly from one of said rows of negative figures and partly from the other of said rows of negative figures.

l2. ln an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number-wheels having for each denomination. as units, tens, etc., figures of two series, those of' the positive series being represented in one color, and those of the negative series in another, of means to determine the row of positive figures from which positive results are to be read, two rows of negative figures being exposed so that part of a negative result may be read from one row and the remainder from the other row.

13. ln an algebraic computing machine, the combination with number-wheels having figures to represent positive values and other figures to represent negative values, of mea-ns to facilitate the reading of negative results comprising means to indicate the row of positive figures from which positive results are to be read, and to indicate two rows of negative figures from which negative results may be read, partly from one row and partly from the other.

BENJAMIN M. DES JARDINS.

Witnesses:

EDITH B. LIBBEY, CATHERINE A. NEWELL. 

